%%%### File "elements-atm.rfp"

%                                         March 1991 (Revised: Aug 2005)

%------------------------------------------------------------------------
%   Validation and Exploration of the Periodic System of the Elements:
%
%                       A Relfun Knowledge Base
%
%------------------------------------------------------------------------

% Michael Sintek, Werner Stein, Ulrich Buhrmann, Harold Boley 
% with contribution by Michael Christen, Dirk Blum,
%                      Michael Herfert, Markus Perling

% Modified for Relational RuleML by Jie Li(JL).

% A lot of basic physics/chemistry knowledge is encoded in the
% periodic system of the elements [1]. The ELEMENTS knowledge base
% represents some properties of the atoms and groups of atoms
% in a functional-logic style [2], employing Relfun's Prolog-like
% syntax and non-deterministic, call-by-value operational semantics [3].
% ELEMENTS is motivated by our work on enhanced WAM-like indexing,
% modularization, knowledge sharing and evolution, as well as 
% materials engineering.

% Each atomic entry has the following form (the emphasis on
% chemical properties derives from application considerations):

% atm(<number>, 
%     name[<symbol>, <engl>],
%     prop[<m metal, g gaseous, sm semimetal, sc semiconductor,
%                                                 nyd not yet determined>,
%          eco[<electron configuration of last three shells>],
%          <atom weight>,
%          oxi[<sequence of possible oxidations>]]).

% Representing domain knowledge as Relfun functions, we tabulate the
% periodic system in the "old" and "new" notations (see [1]) from the
% 'table-neutral' atm facts, verify the electron configurations of the
% entire atom database (see check-all-eleconfs), and explore properties
% of interesting atoms such as palladium, whose last 'three' shells are
% eco[18, 18, 0] (see separate batch file elements.bat).

% The ELEMENTS knowledge base's batch script and "Declarative Specification"
% transparencies as well as (further information on) Relfun can currently be
% found from URL http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~vega/relfun.html free of charge. 

% This software is distributed for non-profit and research purposes only.
% Non-profit redistribution of the current version or parts of the
% current version is encouraged if this notice is included unchanged.
% We give no warranty of any kind for this prototype. It may be further
% improved as time permits.



% Bibliography:

% [1]   CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
%       70th Edition 1989-1990
%       Editors: Robert C. Weast, David R. Lide,
%                Melvin J. Astle, William H. Beyer
%       CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA

% [2]   M. Hanus. The Integration of Functions into Logic Programming:
%       From Theory to Practice. Journal of Logic Programming,
%       19/20:583-628, 1994.

% [3]   H. Boley. Functional-Logic Integration via Minimal Extensions.
%       In: S. Breitinger, H. Kroeger, and R. Loogen, Eds., Proc. of the
%       5th International Workshop on Functional and Logic Programming,
%       Rauischholzhausen, Germany, Philipps-Univ. Marburg and Justus-Liebig
%       Univ. Giessen, Jan. 1996.



%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% atm database:

% global constant (nullary function) denoting our last atom or element 107
% (the recently discovered 108 etc. are still missing):

last-atm() :- & 107.    % Relfun's ":- &" infix represents
% last-atm() = 107      % an unconditional (left-to-right) directed equation

% signature declaration or 'schema' (nested atm pattern) for all elements:

% atm($integerp,    % atomic number
%     name[$symbolp,    % chemical symbol
%          $symbolp],   % English term
%     prop[dom[m,    % metal    % gaseous
%              sm,   % semimetal
%              sc,   % semiconductor
%              nyd], % not yet determined
%          eco[$integerp,  % electron configuration
%              $integerp,  % of the last
%              $integerp], % three shells
%          $numberp,     % atomic weight
%          oxi[ | _]])#  % oxidation states
% atm($integerp,    % atomic number
%     name[$symbolp,    % chemical symbol
%          $symbolp],   % English term
%     prop[ g], % gaseous
%              % not yet determined
%          eco[$integerp,  % electron configuration
%              $integerp,  % of the last
%              $integerp], % three shells
%          $numberp,     % atomic weight
%          oxi[ | _]])#  % oxidation states

% the element 'instances' (nested atm facts):

atm(1, name[h, hydrogen], prop[g, eco[1, 0, 0], 1.00794, oxi[1, -1]]).
atm(2, name[he, helium], prop[g, eco[2, 0, 0], 4.0020602, oxi[0]]).
atm(3, name[li, lithium], prop[m, eco[2, 1, 0], 6.941, oxi[1]]).
atm(4, name[be, beryllium], prop[m, eco[2, 2, 0], 9.012182, oxi[2]]).
atm(5, name[b, boron], prop[sc, eco[2, 3, 0], 10.811, oxi[3]]).
atm(6, name[c, carbon], prop[sc, eco[2, 4, 0], 12.011, oxi[2, 4, -4]]).
atm(7,
    name[n, nitrogen],
    prop[g,
         eco[2, 5, 0],
         14.00674,
         oxi[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1, -2, -3]]).
atm(8, name[o, oxygen], prop[g, eco[2, 6, 0], 15.9994, oxi[-2]]).
atm(9, name[f, fluorine], prop[g, eco[2, 7, 0], 18.9984032, oxi[-1]]).
atm(10, name[ne, neon], prop[g, eco[2, 8, 0], 20.1797, oxi[0]]).
atm(11, name[na, sodium], prop[m, eco[2, 8, 1], 22.989768, oxi[1]]).
atm(12, name[mg, magnesium], prop[m, eco[2, 8, 2], 24.305, oxi[2]]).
atm(13, name[al, aluminium], prop[m, eco[2, 8, 3], 26.981539, oxi[3]]).
atm(14, name[si, silicon], prop[sc, eco[2, 8, 4], 28.0855, oxi[2, 4, -4]]).
atm(15, name[p, phosphorus], prop[sc, eco[2, 8, 5], 30.97362, oxi[3, 5, -3]]).
atm(16, name[s, sulfur], prop[sc, eco[2, 8, 6], 32.066, oxi[4, 6, -2]]).
atm(17, name[cl, chlorine], prop[g, eco[2, 8, 7], 35.4527, oxi[1, 5, 7, -1]]).
atm(18, name[ar, argon], prop[g, eco[2, 8, 8], 39.948, oxi[0]]).
atm(19, name[k, potassium], prop[m, eco[8, 8, 1], 39.0983, oxi[1]]).
atm(20, name[ca, calcium], prop[m, eco[8, 8, 2], 40.078, oxi[2]]).
atm(21, name[sc, scandium], prop[m, eco[8, 9, 2], 44.9559, oxi[3]]).
atm(22, name[ti, titanium], prop[m, eco[8, 10, 2], 47.88, oxi[2, 3, 4]]).
atm(23, name[v, vanadium], prop[m, eco[8, 11, 2], 50.9415, oxi[2, 3, 4, 5]]).
atm(24, name[cr, chronium], prop[m, eco[8, 13, 1], 51.9961, oxi[2, 3, 6]]).
atm(25, name[mn, manganese], prop[m, eco[8, 13,2], 54.93085, oxi[2, 3, 4, 7]]).
atm(26, name[fe, ferrum], prop[m, eco[8, 14, 2], 55.847, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(27, name[co, cobalt], prop[m, eco[8, 15, 2], 58.9332, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(28, name[ni, nickel], prop[m, eco[8, 16, 2], 58.69, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(29, name[cu, copper], prop[m, eco[8, 18, 1], 63.546, oxi[1, 2]]).
atm(30, name[zn, zinc], prop[m, eco[8, 18, 2], 65.39, oxi[2]]).
atm(31, name[ga, galium], prop[m, eco[8, 18, 3], 69.723, oxi[3]]).
atm(32, name[ge, germanium], prop[sc, eco[8, 18, 4], 72.61, oxi[2, 4]]).
atm(33, name[as, arsenic], prop[sm, eco[8, 18, 5], 74.92159, oxi[3, 5, -3]]).
atm(34, name[se, selenium], prop[sc, eco[8, 18, 6], 78.96, oxi[4, 6, -2]]).
atm(35, name[br, bromine], prop[g, eco[8, 18, 7], 79.904, oxi[1, 5, -1]]).
atm(36, name[kr, krypton], prop[g, eco[8, 18, 8], 83.8, oxi[0]]).
atm(37, name[rb, rubidium], prop[m, eco[18, 8, 1], 85.4678, oxi[1]]).
atm(38, name[sr, strontium], prop[m, eco[18, 8, 2], 87.62, oxi[2]]).
atm(39, name[y, yttrium], prop[m, eco[18, 9, 2], 88.90585, oxi[3]]).
atm(40, name[zr, zirconium], prop[m, eco[18, 10, 2], 91.224, oxi[4]]).
atm(41, name[nb, niobium], prop[m, eco[18, 12, 1], 92.90638, oxi[3, 5]]).
atm(42, name[mo, molybdenum], prop[m, eco[18, 13, 1], 95.94, oxi[6]]).
atm(43, name[tc, technetium], prop[m, eco[18, 13, 2], 98, oxi[4, 6, 7]]).
atm(44, name[ru, ruthenium], prop[m, eco[18, 15, 1], 101.07, oxi[3]]).
atm(45, name[rh, rhodium], prop[m, eco[18, 16, 1], 102.9055, oxi[3]]).
atm(46, name[pd, palladium], prop[m, eco[18, 18, 0], 106.42, oxi[2, 4]]).
atm(47, name[ag, silver], prop[m, eco[18, 18, 1], 107.8682, oxi[1]]).
atm(48, name[cd, cadmium], prop[m, eco[18, 18, 2], 112.411, oxi[2]]).
atm(49, name[in, indium], prop[m, eco[18, 18, 3], 114.82, oxi[3]]).
atm(50, name[sn, tin], prop[m, eco[18, 18, 4], 118.71, oxi[2, 4]]).
atm(51, name[sb, antimony], prop[sm, eco[18, 18, 5], 121.75, oxi[3, 5, -3]]).
atm(52, name[te, tellurium], prop[sc, eco[18, 18, 6], 127.6, oxi[4, 6, -2]]).
atm(53, name[i, iodine], prop[sc, eco[18, 18,7], 126.90447, oxi[1, 5, 7, -1]]).
atm(54, name[xe, xenon], prop[g, eco[18, 18, 8], 131.29, oxi[0]]).
atm(55, name[cs, caesium], prop[m, eco[18, 8, 1], 132.90543, oxi[1]]).
atm(56, name[ba, barium], prop[m, eco[18, 8, 2], 137.327, oxi[2]]).
atm(57, name[la, lanthanum], prop[m, eco[18, 9, 2], 138.9055, oxi[3]]).
atm(58, name[ce, cerium], prop[m, eco[20, 8, 2], 140.115, oxi[3, 4]]).
atm(59, name[pr, praseodymium], prop[m, eco[21, 8, 2], 140.90765, oxi[3]]).
atm(60, name[nd, nitrogen], prop[m, eco[22, 8, 2], 144.24, oxi[3]]).
atm(61, name[pm, promethium], prop[m, eco[23, 8, 2], 145, oxi[3]]).
atm(62, name[sm, samarium], prop[m, eco[24, 8, 2], 150.36, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(63, name[eu, europium], prop[m, eco[25, 8, 2], 151.965, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(64, name[gd, gadolinium], prop[m, eco[25, 9, 2], 157.25, oxi[3]]).
atm(65, name[tb, terbium], prop[m, eco[27, 8, 2], 158.92534, oxi[3]]).
atm(66, name[dy, dysprosium], prop[m, eco[28, 8, 2], 162.5, oxi[3]]).
atm(67, name[ho, holmium], prop[m, eco[29, 8, 2], 164.93032, oxi[3]]).
atm(68, name[er, erbium], prop[m, eco[30, 8, 2], 167.26, oxi[3]]).
atm(69, name[tm, thullium], prop[m, eco[31, 8, 2], 168.93421, oxi[3]]).
atm(70, name[yb, ytterbium], prop[m, eco[32, 8, 2], 173.04, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(71, name[lu, lutetium], prop[m, eco[32, 9, 2], 174.967, oxi[3]]).
atm(72, name[hf, hafnium], prop[m, eco[32, 10, 2], 178.49, oxi[4]]).
atm(73, name[ta, tantalum], prop[m, eco[32, 11, 2], 180.9479, oxi[5]]).
atm(74, name[w, tungsten], prop[nyd, eco[32, 12, 2], 183.85, oxi[6]]).
atm(75, name[re, rhenium], prop[m, eco[32, 13, 2], 186.207, oxi[4, 6, 7]]).
atm(76, name[os, osmium], prop[m, eco[32, 14, 2], 190.2, oxi[3, 4]]).
atm(77, name[ir, iridium], prop[m, eco[32, 15, 2], 192.22, oxi[3, 4]]).
atm(78, name[pt, platinum], prop[m, eco[32, 16, 2], 195.08, oxi[2, 4]]).
atm(79, name[au, gold], prop[m, eco[32, 18, 1], 196.96654, oxi[1, 3]]).
atm(80, name[hg, mercury], prop[m, eco[32, 18, 2], 200.59, oxi[1, 2]]).
atm(81, name[tl, thallium], prop[m, eco[32, 18, 3], 204.3833, oxi[1, 3]]).
atm(82, name[pb, lead], prop[m, eco[32, 18, 4], 207.2, oxi[2, 4]]).
atm(83, name[bi, bismuth], prop[sm, eco[32, 18, 5], 208.98037, oxi[3, 5]]).
atm(84, name[po, polonium], prop[m, eco[32, 18, 6], 209, oxi[2, 4]]).
atm(85, name[at, astatine], prop[m, eco[32, 18, 7], 210, oxi[]]).
atm(86, name[rn, radon], prop[g, eco[32, 18, 8], 222, oxi[0]]).
atm(87, name[fr, francium], prop[m, eco[18, 8, 1], 223, oxi[1]]).
atm(88, name[ra, radium], prop[m, eco[18, 8, 2], 226.025, oxi[2]]).
atm(89, name[ac, actinium], prop[m, eco[18, 9, 2], 227.028, oxi[3]]).
atm(90, name[th, thorium], prop[m, eco[18, 10, 2], 232.0381, oxi[4]]).
atm(91, name[pa, protoactinium], prop[m, eco[20, 9, 2], 231.03588, oxi[5, 4]]).
atm(92, name[u, uranium], prop[m, eco[21, 9, 2], 238.0289, oxi[3, 4, 5, 6]]).
atm(93, name[np, neptunium], prop[m, eco[22, 9, 2], 237.048, oxi[3, 4, 5, 6]]).
atm(94, name[pu, plutonium], prop[m, eco[24, 8, 2], 244, oxi[3, 4, 5, 6]]).
atm(95, name[am, americium], prop[m, eco[25, 8, 2], 243, oxi[3, 4, 5, 6]]).
atm(96, name[cm, curium], prop[m, eco[25, 9, 2], 247, oxi[3]]).
atm(97, name[bk, berkelium], prop[m, eco[27, 8, 2], 247, oxi[3, 4]]).
atm(98, name[cf, californium], prop[m, eco[28, 8, 2], 251, oxi[3]]).
atm(99, name[es, einsteinium], prop[m, eco[29, 8, 2], 252, oxi[3]]).
atm(100, name[fm, fermium], prop[m, eco[30, 8, 2], 257, oxi[3]]).
atm(101, name[md, mendelevium], prop[m, eco[31, 8, 2], 258, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(102, name[no, nobelium], prop[m, eco[32, 8, 2], 259, oxi[2, 3]]).
atm(103, name[lr, lawrencium], prop[m, eco[32, 9, 2], 260, oxi[3]]).
atm(104, name[unq, unnilquadium], prop[nyd, eco[32, 10, 2], 261, oxi[4]]).
atm(105, name[unp, unnilpentium], prop[nyd, eco[32, 11, 2], 262, oxi[]]).
atm(106, name[unh, unnihexium], prop[nyd, eco[32, 12, 2], 263, oxi[]]).
atm(107, name[uns, unnilseptium], prop[nyd, eco[32, 13, 2], 262, oxi[]]).

%%%### eof


%%%### File "elements-access.rfp"

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% some simple access operations:

% relation that tests or *generates* elements as Eno values
% (e.g. to bind Eno prior to built-in calls):

element(Eno) :-  atm(Eno, _, _).

% function that returns metal names (enumerated non-deterministically):

metal() :-  atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Full], prop[m, Eco, Weight, Oxi])  &
            [Eno, Abbr, Full].       % Relfun's ":- ... &" mixfix represents

% metal() = [Eno, Abbr, Full]  <-    % a conditional directed equation
%           atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Full], prop[m, Eco, Weight, Oxi])


% element number from English name:

englno(Engl) :- atm(N, name[_, Engl], _) & N.

% element number from symbol:

symbno(Symb) :- atm(Eno, name[Symb, _], _) & Eno.

% symbol from element number:

nosymb(Eno) :- atm(Eno, name[Symb, _], _) & Symb.


%%%### eof


%%%### File "elements-groups.rfp"

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% compute new group of elements (lanthanides/actinides not regarded as groups):

newgroup-sym(Symb) :- &                 % find group number of an element given
         newgroup-num(symbno(Symb)).    % by its symbol

newgroup-num(1) :- & 1.     
newgroup-num(3) :- & 1. 
newgroup-num(11) :- & 1.   % find group number of an element given
newgroup-num(    2        ) :- & 18.    % by its number
newgroup-num(4) :- & 2.    
newgroup-num(12) :- & 2.                              %        ^
newgroup-num(5):-&13. 
newgroup-num(6):-&14.
newgroup-num(7):-&15.
newgroup-num(8):-&16.
newgroup-num(9):-&17. 
newgroup-num(10):-&18.      % "dom"-style
% newgroup-num(Eno) :-  element(Eno),  lessThanOrEqual(5, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 10) &  % "<="-style
%                                                 add(Eno, 8).      %        |
newgroup-num(Eno) :-                                              %        v
        element(Eno), lessThanOrEqual(13, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 57) & add(1, modulo(subtract(Eno, 1), 18)).
                      % 58-71:   not defined here (see above)
newgroup-num(Eno) :- 
        element(Eno), lessThanOrEqual(72, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 89) & add(1, modulo(subtract(Eno, 69), 18)).
                      % 90-103:  not defined here (see above)
newgroup-num(Eno) :-
        element(Eno), lessThanOrEqual(104, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 107) & subtract(Eno, 100).

% enumerate elements of new group (inefficient because of multiple inversion!):

newgroup-elements(G) :- G .= newgroup-num(N), N .= englno(E) & E.

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% compute old group of elements (lanthanides/actinides regarded as groups):

oldgroup-sym(Symb) :- & new2old(newgroup-num(symbno(Symb))).
oldgroup-sym(Symb) :- Eno .= symbno(Symb), greaterThanOrEqual(Eno, 58), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 71) &
                      lanthanide.          % 58-71:   defined here (see above)
oldgroup-sym(Symb) :- Eno .= symbno(Symb), greaterThanOrEqual(Eno, 90), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 103) &
                      actinide.            % 90-103:  defined here (see above)

oldgroup-num(Eno) :- Eno .= symbno(Symb) & oldgroup-sym(Symb). % multi-inverse!

% mapping new to old groups:

new2old(1) :- & main[i].
new2old(2) :- & main[ii].
new2old(3) :- & auxiliary[iii].
new2old(4) :- & auxiliary[iv].
new2old(5) :- & auxiliary[v].
new2old(6) :- & auxiliary[vi].
new2old(7) :- & auxiliary[vii].
new2old(8) :- & auxiliary[viii].
new2old(9) :- & auxiliary[viii].
new2old(10) :- & auxiliary[viii].
new2old(11) :- & auxiliary[i].
new2old(12) :- & auxiliary[ii].
new2old(13) :- & main[iii].
new2old(14) :- & main[iv].
new2old(15) :- & main[v].
new2old(16) :- & main[vi].
new2old(17) :- & main[vii].
new2old(18) :- & main[viii].

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% compute the entire table, like newtable(select-all), using tupof:

% table-elements-tupof() :- & for(1,18,lst-newgroup-elements).

% lst-newgroup-elements(G) :- 
%         Lst .= tupof(newgroup-elements(G)) & group[G|Lst].

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% compute the entire table, like newtable(select-all), using pairing:

%table-elements-pair() :-       % using pairing of element name und group number
    %     E-g .= for*(1, last-atm(), element-with-group),
     %    pretty-print(E-g) &           % show pairing
      %   for(1, 18, lst-newgroup-elements(E-g,G)).

%element-with-group(E) :-               % returns [[<name> <group>]]
%         E .= englno(Name), G.= newgroup-num(E),F.=plex(Name,G)& plex(F).

%element-with-group(E) :- & [].

%JL
%element-in-group[G]([Name, G]) :- & [Name].
%element-in-group[G](_) :- & [].

%element-in-group(G,[Name, G]) :- & [Name].
%element-in-group(G,_) :- & [].


%JL
%lst-newgroup-elements[E-g](G) :- 
        % Elements .= mapcan(element-in-group[G], E-g) & group[G, Elements].


%lst-newgroup-elements(E-g,G) :- 
         %Elements .= mapcan(element-in-group(G,[Name, G]), E-g) & group[G, Elements].

%lst-newgroup-elements(E-g,G) :- 
      %   Elements .= mapcan(element-in-group(G,_), E-g) & group[G, Elements].


%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% compute old and new tables, using direct inserting:

%newtable(Filter-p) :- & list-new(last-atm(), Filter-p, []). 
%oldtable(Filter-p) :- & list-old(last-atm(), Filter-p, []).

% Filter predicates: Filter-p(Eno,prop[Cat, Eco, Weight, Oxi])

%select-all(_, _).
%select-metals(_, prop[m, _, _, _]).
%select-light-metals(Eno, prop[m, _, _, _]):- light-metal(Eno).

% group-with-exception (exc) and element-enumerating (dom) defs of light-metal:

light-metal(Eno) :-        % alkali metals =  (old) main group i
  notEqual(Eno,1),            %               =  (new) group 1
  1 .= newgroup-num(Eno).  %               without hydrogen (1)
light-metal(Eno) :-        % alkaline-earth metals = (old) main group ii
  notEqual(Eno,88),         %                       = (new) group 2
  2 .= newgroup-num(Eno).  %                       without radium (88)

light-metal(13).       % aluminium
light-metal(39).        % yttrium
light-metal(21).       % scandium
light-metal(22).      % titanium


%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% compute tables of old main and auxiliary groups:

%table-main() :- & list-main(last-atm(), []).

%table-aux() :- & list-aux(last-atm(), []).

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% compute tables of lanthanides and actinides:

%table-lan() :- & list-lan(71, []).

%table-act() :- & list-act(103, []).

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% list elements in their groups if they qualify wrt a filter predicate:

%list-new(0, Filter-p , Table) :- & Table.
%list-new(Eno, Filter-p, Table) :-
 %        atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Fullname], Prop),
  %       Filter-p(Eno, Prop) &
   %      list-new(subtract(Eno, 1),
    %              Filter-p,
     %             insert-new(newgroup-num(Eno), Fullname, Table)).
%list-new(Eno, Filter-p, Table) :- &            % element did not exist/qualify:
%         list-new(subtract(Eno, 1), Filter-p, Table).   % proceed with next element

%list-old(0, Filter-p, Table) :- & Table.
%list-old(Eno, Filter-p, Table) :- 
 %        atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Fullname], Prop),
  %       Filter-p(Eno, Prop) &
   %      list-old(subtract(Eno, 1),
    %              Filter-p,
    %              insert-old(new2old(newgroup-num(Eno)), Fullname, Table)).
%list-old(Eno, Filter-p, Table) :- & 
%         list-old(subtract(Eno, 1), Filter-p, Table).

%list-main(0, Table) :- & Table.
%list-main(Eno, Table) :- 
 %        atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Fullname], Prop),
  %       Eno .= symbno(Symb),
   %      main[_] .= oldgroup-sym(Symb) &
    %     list-main(subtract(Eno, 1),
     %              insert-old(new2old(newgroup-num(Eno)), Fullname, Table)).
%list-main(Eno, Table) :- & list-main(subtract(Eno, 1), Table).

%list-aux(0, Table) :- & Table.
%list-aux(Eno, Table) :- 
 %        atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Fullname], Prop),
  %       Eno .= symbno(Symb),
   %      auxiliary[_] .= oldgroup-sym(Symb) &
    %     list-aux(subtract(Eno, 1),
     %             insert-old(new2old(newgroup-num(Eno)), Fullname, Table)).
%list-aux(Eno, Table) :- &               % element does not exist
 %        list-aux(subtract(Eno, 1), Table).     % proceed with next element

%list-lan(57, Table) :- & Table.
%list-lan(Eno, Table) :- 
 %        atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Fullname], Prop) &
  %       list-lan(subtract(Eno, 1), [Fullname | Table]).
%list-lan(Eno, Table) :- &               % element does not exist
 %        list-lan(subtract(Eno, 1), Table).     % proceed with next element

%list-act(89, Table) :- & Table.
%list-act(Eno, Table) :- 
 %        atm(Eno, name[Abbr, Fullname], Prop) &
  %       list-act(subtract(Eno, 1), [Fullname | Table]).
%list-act(Eno, Table) :- &               % element does not exist
%         list-lan(subtract(Eno, 1), Table).     % proceed with next element

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%JL% inserting elements in their groups:

% insert element in "old" or "new" group:

%insert[Cr](Group, Name, []) :- & [group[Group, [Name]]].
%insert[Cr](Group, Name, [group[Group, Elmts] | R]) :- & 
 %        [group[Group, [Name | Elmts]] | R].
%insert[Cr](Group, Name, [group[Gr, Elmts] | R]) :- 
 %        Cr(Group, Gr) & plex(group[Gr, Elmts] | insert[Cr](Group, Name, R)).
%insert[Cr](Group, Name, [group[Gr, Elmts] | R]) :- & 
%        Cr(Gr, Group) holds
   %      [group[Group, [Name]], group[Gr, Elmts] | R].


% inserting elements in their groups:

% insert element in "old" or "new" group:

insert-new(Group, Name, []) :- & [group[Group, [Name]]].
insert-new(Group, Name, [group[Group, Elmts] | R]) :- & 
         [group[Group, [Name | Elmts]] | R].
insert-new(Group, Name, [group[Gr, Elmts] | R]) :- 
         greaterthan(Group, Gr) & plex(group[Gr, Elmts] | insert-new(Group, Name, R)).
insert-new(Group, Name, [group[Gr, Elmts] | R]) :- & 
%        Cr(Gr, Group) holds
         [group[Group, [Name]], group[Gr, Elmts] | R].

% insert element in "old" or "new" group:

insert-old(Group, Name, []) :- & [group[Group, [Name]]].
insert-old(Group, Name, [group[Group, Elmts] | R]) :- & 
         [group[Group, [Name | Elmts]] | R].
insert-old(Group, Name, [group[Gr, Elmts] | R]) :- 
         old>(Group, Gr) & plex(group[Gr, Elmts] | insert-old(Group, Name, R)).
insert-old(Group, Name, [group[Gr, Elmts] | R]) :- & 
%        Cr(Gr, Group) holds
         [group[Group, [Name]], group[Gr, Elmts] | R].

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%JL
% comparison of "new" groups:

%new>(Newnof,Newnos) :- greaterThan(Newnof,Newnos).  % arabic numbers: abstract&compilable

% comparison of "old" (main and auxiliary) groups:

old-greaterThan(auxiliary[Oldno], main[Oldno]).  % aux/main structures with roman numbers:
old-greaterThan(main[Oldnof], main[Oldnos]) :- string>(Oldnof, Oldnos).  % viii > vii > vi
old-greaterThan(main[Oldnof], auxiliary[Oldnos]) :- string>(Oldnof, Oldnos).  % > v   > iv
old-greaterThan(auxiliary[Oldnof], main[Oldnos]) :- string>(Oldnof, Oldnos).  % > iii > ii
old-greaterThan(auxiliary[Oldnof], auxiliary[Oldnos]) :- string>(Oldnof, Oldnos).  %  > i

%%%### eof


%%%### File "elements-validation.rfp"

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% verify electron configuration:

check-eleconf-num(Eno) :-                  % element Eno. must be equal to the
         Eno .= sum(eleconf-num(Eno)).     % sum of the eleconf list

check-eleconf-sym(Symb) :-    % same as check-eleconf-num, atm chosen by symbol
         check-eleconf-num(symbno(Symb)).


corrupt-eleconf(Eno) :-                    % eleconf is corrupt
         notEqual(Eno, sum(eleconf-num(Eno))).   % (relation to help relationalize)

check-all-eleconfs() :-           % check knowledge base for inconsistencies
         element(Eno),            % in electron configuration:
         corrupt-eleconf(Eno) &   % element-no. enumeratation of inconsistent
         inconsistent[Eno].       % atm entries as structures inconsistent[Eno]

check-all-eleconfs() :- &          % return structure consistent[] if no
         consistent[].            % (more) inconsistency is detected

eleconf-sym(Symb) :-               % compute electron configuration of an
         atm(Eno,                  % element chosen by symbol (returns a list)
             name[Symb, _],
             prop[_,
                  eco[L1, L2, L3],
                  _,
                  _]) &
         inner-shell-fill([L1, L2, L3], inner-shells(Eno)).

eleconf-num(Eno) :-                     % compute electron configuration of an
         atm(Eno,                       % element (returns a list)
             _,
             prop[_,
                  eco[L1, L2, L3],
                  _,
                  _]) &
         inner-shell-fill([L1, L2, L3], inner-shells(Eno)).

inner-shell-fill(L, 0) :- & L.           % generate prefix of inner shells
inner-shell-fill(L, S) :-               % before last three
         lessThan(0, S) & inner-shell-fill(plex(maxelec(S) | L), subtract(S, 1)).

inner-shells(Eno) :-               % number of inner shells before last three
         lessThanOrEqual(1, Eno),               % (see atm/3)
         lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 18) &
         0.
inner-shells(Eno) :- lessThanOrEqual(19, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 36) & 1.
inner-shells(Eno) :- lessThanOrEqual(37, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 54) & 2.
inner-shells(Eno) :- lessThanOrEqual(55, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, 86) & 3.
inner-shells(Eno) :- lessThanOrEqual(87, Eno), lessThanOrEqual(Eno, last-atm()) & 4.

% Relational specification of max. number of electrons on a shell:
% maxelec(1, 2).                          % shell 1 uses max. 2 electrons
% maxelec(2, 8).                          % ...
% maxelec(3, 18).   
% maxelec(dom[4, 5], 32).                 % shells 4, 5(non-excit.) use max. 32
%% maxelec(Sh, 32) :- lessThan(3, Sh), lessThan(Sh, 6). % (non-invertible rule formulation)

% Functional specification of max. number of electrons on a shell:
maxelec(1) :- & 2.                        % max. electrons on shell 1 is 2
maxelec(2) :- & 8.                        % ...
maxelec(3) :- & 18.
maxelec(4) :- & 32.        
maxelec(5) :- & 32.       % max. on shells 4, 5(non-exc.) is 32
% maxelec(Sh) :- lessThan(3, Sh), lessThan(Sh, 6) & 32. % (non-invertible rule formulation)

%%%### eof


%%%### File "elements-utility.rfp"


%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% utility functions:

missint([]) :- & [].    % list of integers missing in a strictly ascending list
missint([E]) :- & [].
missint([F, S | R]) :- S .= add(F, 1) & missint([S | R]).
missint([F, S | R]) :- & plex(add(F, 1) | missint(plex(add(F, 1), S | R))).

sum([]) :- & 0.                 % sum of a number list
sum([H | T]) :- & add(H, sum(T)).

modulo(X, Y) :- lessThan(X, Y) & X.
modulo(X, Y) :- greaterThanOrEqual(X, Y) & modulo(subtract(X, Y), Y).

%for(B, E, Fct) :-                   % return tup of Fct(I) for I = B to E
 %        greaterThan(B, E) & [].
%for(B, E, Fct) :- & plex(Fct(B) | for(add(B,1), E, Fct)).

%for*(B, E, Fct) :-                  % same as for, but use appfun (as a filter)
 %        greaterThan(B, E) & [].
%for*(B, E, Fct) :- & appfun(Fct(B), for*(add(B,1), E, Fct)).

%mapcan(Fct, []) :- & [].
%mapcan(Fct, [H | T]) :- & appfun(Fct(H), mapcan(Fct, T)).

appfun([], L) :- & L.                   % functional append
appfun([H | R], L) :- & plex(H | appfun(R, L)).


%------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% RELFUN TO RULEML COMPATIBILITY
% Compatibiliby clauses giving user names to Relfun built-ins, so that relationalize 
% will generate relations rather than calling built-in functions on the right-hand side 
% of the 'is' primitive (which through XSLT becomes <Equal>). 

add(X,Y):&+(X,Y).
subtract(X,Y):&-(X,Y).

%JL
%modulo(X,Y):&mod(X,Y).
%plex(X,Y):& tup(X,Y).
plex(|R) :& [|R].

notEqual(X,Y):& X.= [Y].

greaterThan(X,Y):->(X,Y).
lessThan(X,Y):-<(X,Y).
greaterThanOrEqual(X,Y):->=(X,Y).
lessThanOrEqual(X,Y):-<=(X,Y).

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% JDREW TO RULEML COMPATIBILITY
% Compatibiliby clauses giving user names to jDrew built-ins, so that the confliction
% of built-ins that is case sensitive in jDrew and the result of RuleMLgenerated from case non-sensitive 
% engine--RuleML can be matched.
greaterthan(X,Y):-greaterThan(X,Y).
lessthan(X,Y):-lessThan(X,Y).
greaterthanorequal(X,Y):-greaterThanOrEqual(X,Y).
lessthanorequal(X,Y):-lessThanOrEqual(X,Y).



%%%### eof